Eyes on the board, please. In today’s lesson we are going to look at two little words that are often misused:
its and
it’s. Mixing these two up is a common mistake, but it’s one that I am going to ensure you never make again. Here are two examples of incorrect usage:
Spain is famous for it’s sunshine.
I don’t mind pizza, but its not my favourite.
Wrong, wrong, wrong! Any pupil handing work in with these errors would get lines. But why are they errors? Because they use
its and
it’s the wrong way round.
Let’s start at the start by examining
it’s.
It’s is a
contraction – that is, a shortened version – of ‘it is’ or ‘it has’, just as
that’s = ‘that is’ and
let’s = ‘let us’.
Shortening ‘it is’ or ‘it has’ is
always what
it’s is used for; it has
no other use.
As with other contractions, we use an apostrophe to stand in for the letter(s) we take out. So when we take the second ‘i’ out of ‘it is’ we put an apostrophe in its place and push the two words together.
It is becomes
it’s.
It is a sunny day.
It’s a sunny day.
And, going back to our example above:
I don’t mind pizza, but it is not my favourite.
I don’t mind pizza, but it’s not my favourite.
The more observant of you will have noticed that this example contains another contraction that works in just the same way as
it’s:
I
don’t mind pizza = I
do not mind pizza. We take the ‘o’ out of ‘not’, replace it with an apostrophe, and push the two words together.
I do not mind pizza.
I don’t mind pizza.
See? Easy!
Now, pay close attention – that includes you, Harry – because I am going to talk about
its, which is a trickier thing to understand than
it’s.
Its serves a different function to
it’s: it is a
possessive determiner.
I see a hand up. Yes, Dana? What is a possessive determiner? It’s a part of speech that modifies a noun (specifically, a
personal pronoun) by attributing possession.
Now... yes, Dana? What is a personal pronoun? It’s a special kind of naming word. Examples are
me or
you or
him or
her. We all know that
nouns are naming words, don’t we?
Table and
penguin and
France are nouns. So are
Penny and
car and
lollipop. Well, personal pronouns are just a special little group of nouns that can be used to stand in for the names of people or things, basically to avoid repetition.
Here’s an example sentence that uses a personal pronoun:
John is my friend. I like him.
In this sentence,
him is the personal pronoun, and it stands in for
John. The sentence could be written as “John is my friend. I like John,” but we use
him instead of repeating
John to make the sentence sound less repetitive.
The other personal pronouns are
I,
you,
me,
her,
it,
he,
she,
us,
they and
them. So instead of writing “I went to Disneyland. I liked Disneyland,” you could write “I went to Disneyland. I liked it.” Or, instead of writing “Mary likes cheesecake. Mary ate some just yesterday,” you could write “Mary likes cheesecake. She ate some just yesterday.”
Do you all see how that works? Personal pronouns stand in for nouns. John/him, Disneyland/it, Mary/she, noun/personal pronoun. I bet you use them all the time!
Now that we know what a personal pronoun is, we can tackle
possessive determiners. If you remember, we said that these words attribute possession. That is to say, they tell us that something belongs to someone or something. And we use them when we need to do that with a personal pronoun. Each personal pronoun (e.g.
he,
she,
you,
it) has a possessive determiner that corresponds to it. Let’s look at some examples.
You have a car. You is a personal pronoun.
Your car is nice. Your is the possessive determiner that corresponds to
you.
He put me over his knee! This sentence contains both a personal pronoun (
he) and the corresponding possessive determiner (
his).
You/your, he/his, she/her, we/our. See? Not really hard at all. Personal pronoun, corresponding possessive determiner.
Now we’re ready to deal with that pesky
its.
Its is simply the corresponding possessive determiner to
it, just like
your is to
you,
his is to
he and
her is to
she.
Your eyes, his voice, her dress, its coastline.
Not “it’s coastline,” because we’re not saying “it is coastline” or “it has coastline.” We’re attributing possession of the coastline to the personal pronoun
it.
An example sentence: “Norway is hard to draw in crayon. Its coastline is very jaggedy.” This sentence works exactly the same as “Rachel came back from the salon. Her hair looked amazing.”
Norway - it - its
Rachel - she - her
Noun - personal pronoun - possessive determiner
There. Not so tricky really, is it?
I think some of the confusion regarding possession and apostrophes comes from the fact that, when we attribute possession to a plain old noun (as opposed to a personal pronoun), we
do use an apostrophe:
The car has a sunroof = the
car’s sunroof.
Crystal has a cat =
Crystal’s cat.
So why don’t we add an apostrophe to possessive determiners when we want to signify possession? We add them to nouns, after all. Because, unlike nouns, possessive determiners (
his,
her,
its)
already have possession built into them. They have it built in because signifying possession is their one and only function:
Crystal’s cat (apostrophe)
Her cat (no apostrophe)
The car’s sunroof (apostrophe)
Its sunroof (no apostrophe)
Daniel’s bottom (apostrophe)
His bottom (no apostrophe)
See? Good. Now, there is just one more thing. Julie, don’t bang your head on the desk, dear. The final things to mention are
possessive pronouns. These are the words
yours,
mine,
his (again),
hers and
ours. Just like possessive determiners, these words don’t need apostrophes as they already have the concept of possession built in:
That hat is Andrea’s (apostrophe)
That hat is
hers (no apostrophe)
We don’t need to worry about the distinction between possessive determiners and possessive pronouns. Life is too short for that. And I know that I’ve used a lot of terminology today, but it isn’t essential to remember all those things. Just remember that:
It’s is a contraction of
it is or
it has. That’s why it
always has an apostrophe, to stand in for the letter(s) we have taken out.
Possessive determiners (words like
his,
her,
its) and possessive pronouns (words like
hers,
ours,
yours)
never have apostrophes in them, because they don’t need them. You wouldn’t write “hi’s” when you meant “his,” would you? So don’t write “it’s” when you mean “its!”
Homework
Write a paragraph about a girl who goes to the park. Try to use
it’s and
its, as well as other contractions (like
don’t), personal pronouns (like
she) and possessive determiners (like
his).
P.S. The gorgeous picture above is taken from the ever-sexy
School Mistress Fantasy.